Martin,
As I understand it (as flawed as that may be!), the 'solar' part
mandates the distance factor. At the scales we are concerned with, the
entire earth is ~1 AU from the sun. I expect that individual
measurements of this quantity from satellites at different points in
orbit are normalized to the power per unit area normal to the sun at 1
AU to remove the 'noise' introduced by varying distance from the sun. I
was pulling the definitions from the Wikipedia article, and a proper
standard name should, like you said, have the same sort of verbiage as
the current 'solar_irradiance' term.
I think your suggested name sounds great! You could also use
toa_horizontal_irradiance or something along those lines, but I like the
'incoming' part, which makes it clear that photons coming from below
aren't counted. The biggest argument I'd make for using 'irradiance'
instead of 'shortwave_flux' would be to avoid obscuring the relatedness
of this quantity with other irradiance terms.
I searched the standard names for irradiance, and I found a whole set of
terms like 'downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air'. So perhaps it should be
'toa_downwelling_shortwave_flux'.
Grace and peace,
Jim
On 2/14/18 11:41 AM, martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk wrote:
> Hello Jim,
>
> the usage of solar_irradiance to refer to solar irradiance per unit horizontal area was suggested by the RFMIP team, and initially appeared to be supported by Roy .. but I'm happy to drop it.
>
> Following the discussion here, which has been very helpful, I think that the standard name that RFMIP actually want is toa_incoming_shortwave_flux , and it might be helpful to indicate in the definition of this standard name that it is a synonym for Global Horizontal Irradiance at the top of the atmosphere. Do you agree with this interpretation? (toa_incoming_shortwave_flux carries the definition '"shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "toa" means top of atmosphere. The TOA incoming shortwave flux is the radiative flux from the sun i.e. the "downwelling" TOA shortwave flux. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.' )
>
> Your "Total Solar Irradiance" definition below refers to top-of-atmosphere .. shouldn't it at "one astronomical unit from the sun"? The wikipedia page does suggest measuring it at the top of the atmosphere, but the current CF definition for solar_irradiance implies that it should be measured at a fixed distance from the sun.
>
> regards,
> Martin
>
>
> ________________________________
>
> Hi.
>
> I must respectfully disagree with any change to the solar irradiance
> definition. The definition is accurate and correct, whether you are a
> solar physicist or an oceanographer. The Wikipedia article on solar
> irradiance gives good definitions for the various specific terms.
>
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance
>
> Notice that none of the various terms ever treat the direct solar power
> per unit area of a horizontal surface as a quantity unto itself. The
> Vaisala definitions are essentially the same as the ones in the
> Wikipedia article. The terms in use are:
>
> * Total Solar Irradiance - The power per unit area incident on a
> surface normal to the sun from direct solar radiation measured at
> top of atmosphere.
> * Direct Normal Irradiance - The power per unit area incident on a
> surface normal to the sun from direct solar radiation measured at
> the surface.
> * Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance - The power per unit area incident on
> a horizontal surface from all sources other than direct solar radiation.
> * Global Horizontal Irradiance - The power per unit area incident on a
> horizontal surface from all sources, including direct solar radiation.
>
> I found one reference online to Direct Horizontal Irradiance. It does
> not appear to be in common use in any community.
>
> I can see defining standard names for the four terms above, but I think
> that prior usage and general science usage call for solar_irradiance to
> be associated only with TSI. So, we could have standard names
>
> * total_solar_irradiance
> * direct_normal_irradiance
> * direct_horizontal_irradiance
> * diffuse_horizontal_irradiance
> * global_horizontal_irradiance
>
> with solar_irradiance as an alias for total_solar_irradiance, or vice
> versa, but I think we shouldn't alter the definition of solar_irradiance.
>
> Grace and peace,
>
> Jim
>
>
> On 1/26/18 11:52 AM, martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk<http://mailman.cgd.ucar.edu/mailman/listinfo/cf-metadata> wrote:
>> Dear Roy,
>>
>> If we were starting from scratch I would recommend the following:
>>
>> Solar irradiance is the power per unit area of the solar radiation received from above at horizontal surface. It is distinct from the Direct Normal Irradiance (which refers to radiation received by a surface perpendicular to rays travelling from the sun) and the Total Solar Irradiance (which is the mean value of Direct Normal Irradiance at a standard distance from the sun).
>>
>> I am, however, concerned that people may have already, on the basis of the current definition, used the term for Total Solar Irradiance.
>>
>> regards,
>> Martin
>>
>> ________________________________________
>> From: Lowry, Roy K. [rkl at bodc.ac.uk<http://mailman.cgd.ucar.edu/mailman/listinfo/cf-metadata>]
>> Sent: 26 January 2018 16:03
>> To: Juckes, Martin (STFC,RAL,RALSP); cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu<http://mailman.cgd.ucar.edu/mailman/listinfo/cf-metadata>
>> Subject: Re: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>>
>> Dear Martin,
>>
>>
>> I agree that the current definition reflects more an astrophysics textbook rather than common usage of the Standard Name and so I would support tweaking the wording as you suggest. Care to come up with the replacement wording to be used?
>>
>>
>> Cheers, Roy.
>>
>>
>> Please note that I partially retired on 01/11/2015. I am now only working 7.5 hours a week and can only guarantee e-mail response on Wednesdays, my day in the office. All vocabulary queries should be sent to enquiries at bodc.ac.uk.<http://mailman.cgd.ucar.edu/mailman/listinfo/cf-metadata> Please also use this e-mail if your requirement is urgent.
>>
>>
> ________________________________
> From: Lowry, Roy K. [rkl at bodc.ac.uk]
> Sent: 27 January 2018 07:54
> To: Juckes, Martin (STFC,RAL,RALSP); cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: Re: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
>
> For three, read four!
>
>
> Please note that I partially retired on 01/11/2015. I am now only working 7.5 hours a week and can only guarantee e-mail response on Wednesdays, my day in the office. All vocabulary queries should be sent to enquiries at bodc.ac.uk. Please also use this e-mail if your requirement is urgent.
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: CF-metadata <cf-metadata-bounces at cgd.ucar.edu> on behalf of Lowry, Roy K. <rkl at bodc.ac.uk>
> Sent: 27 January 2018 07:51
> To: martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk; cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: Re: [CF-metadata] Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
>
> Dear Martin,
>
>
> I think that there has been some misunderstanding on my part, pointed out by Jim's e-mail and there is currently no Standard Name for what is often termed 'solar irradiance' in observation data sets.
>
>
> Should we proceed with the three new Standard Names suggested by Jim?
>
>
> Cheers, Roy.
>
>
> Please note that I partially retired on 01/11/2015. I am now only working 7.5 hours a week and can only guarantee e-mail response on Wednesdays, my day in the office. All vocabulary queries should be sent to enquiries at bodc.ac.uk. Please also use this e-mail if your requirement is urgent.
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk <martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk>
> Sent: 27 January 2018 00:05
> To: Lowry, Roy K.; cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: RE: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
> Hello Roy,
>
> maybe .. but I was talking about the current definition of the CF standard name "solar_irradiance", which, currently, has nothing to do with the vertical,
>
> regards,
> Martin
>
> ________________________________
> From: Lowry, Roy K. [rkl at bodc.ac.uk]
> Sent: 26 January 2018 20:35
> To: Juckes, Martin (STFC,RAL,RALSP); cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: Re: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
>
> Hello Martin,
>
>
> Isn't that was what cosine collectors on radiometers are for? I thought they resolved the vertical component of the radiation within the hemisphere sampled.
>
>
> Cheers, Roy.
>
>
> Please note that I partially retired on 01/11/2015. I am now only working 7.5 hours a week and can only guarantee e-mail response on Wednesdays, my day in the office. All vocabulary queries should be sent to enquiries at bodc.ac.uk. Please also use this e-mail if your requirement is urgent.
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk <martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk>
> Sent: 26 January 2018 19:15
> To: Lowry, Roy K.; cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: RE: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
> Hello Roy,
>
> but the flow of radiant energy isn't necessarily perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. At the top of the atmosphere the flow of energy will generally be along a ray from the Sun. If you want it to be the irradiance on a horizontal surface you really need to take out the bit about being perpendicular to the flow of energy.
>
> You can't make the name work for horizontal surfaces without contradicting the assertion in the current definition that it applies to TSI,
>
> regards,
> Martin
>
> ________________________________
> From: Lowry, Roy K. [rkl at bodc.ac.uk]
> Sent: 26 January 2018 17:46
> To: Juckes, Martin (STFC,RAL,RALSP); cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: Re: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
>
> Hello again,
>
>
> What we map to the 'solar_irradiance' Standard name are parameters such as 'Downwelling vector irradiance as energy of electromagnetic radiation (solar wavelengths) in the atmosphere by pyranometer'. So in the use case I was thinking of it's both a horizontal surface and a surface perpendicular to the direction of flow of the radiant energy i.e. we have made an assumption the the direction of flow of the radiant energy is perpendicular to the Earth's surface.
>
>
> Consequently, I would amend the definition as below rather than redefining from scratch with the risk you pointed out of changing the semantics of existing data sets.
>
>
> "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy. The area is a horizontal surface for radiant energy flowing perpendicular to the Earth's surface.
>
>
> Cheers, Roy.
>
>
> Please note that I partially retired on 01/11/2015. I am now only working 7.5 hours a week and can only guarantee e-mail response on Wednesdays, my day in the office. All vocabulary queries should be sent to enquiries at bodc.ac.uk. Please also use this e-mail if your requirement is urgent.
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk <martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk>
> Sent: 26 January 2018 16:52
> To: Lowry, Roy K.; cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: RE: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
> Dear Roy,
>
> If we were starting from scratch I would recommend the following:
>
> Solar irradiance is the power per unit area of the solar radiation received from above at horizontal surface. It is distinct from the Direct Normal Irradiance (which refers to radiation received by a surface perpendicular to rays travelling from the sun) and the Total Solar Irradiance (which is the mean value of Direct Normal Irradiance at a standard distance from the sun).
>
> I am, however, concerned that people may have already, on the basis of the current definition, used the term for Total Solar Irradiance.
>
> regards,
> Martin
>
> ________________________________________
> From: Lowry, Roy K. [rkl at bodc.ac.uk]
> Sent: 26 January 2018 16:03
> To: Juckes, Martin (STFC,RAL,RALSP); cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: Re: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
> Dear Martin,
>
>
> I agree that the current definition reflects more an astrophysics textbook rather than common usage of the Standard Name and so I would support tweaking the wording as you suggest. Care to come up with the replacement wording to be used?
>
>
> Cheers, Roy.
>
>
> Please note that I partially retired on 01/11/2015. I am now only working 7.5 hours a week and can only guarantee e-mail response on Wednesdays, my day in the office. All vocabulary queries should be sent to enquiries at bodc.ac.uk. Please also use this e-mail if your requirement is urgent.
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk <martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk>
> Sent: 26 January 2018 15:57
> To: Lowry, Roy K.; cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: RE: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
> Hello Roy,
>
> I suspected that there might be such a usage ... but don't you agree that the current CF definition, which I've quoted below, is inconsistent with this? But it could be adapted with a small change of wording,
>
> regards,
> Martin
>
> ________________________________
> From: Lowry, Roy K. [rkl at bodc.ac.uk]
> Sent: 26 January 2018 15:51
> To: Juckes, Martin (STFC,RAL,RALSP); cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: Re: Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
>
> Hello Martin,
>
>
> From an oceanographic perspective I had always thought of solar (and other waveband) irradiance as the energy incident on the sea surface, which is a horizontal surface. So, I would like to think of solar_irradiance as being horizontal_solar_irradiance and if any new Standard Name is required to cover the current Vaisala instrumentation use case then that should be normal_standard_irradiance.
>
>
> Cheers, Roy.
>
>
> Please note that I partially retired on 01/11/2015. I am now only working 7.5 hours a week and can only guarantee e-mail response on Wednesdays, my day in the office. All vocabulary queries should be sent to enquiries at bodc.ac.uk. Please also use this e-mail if your requirement is urgent.
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: CF-metadata <cf-metadata-bounces at cgd.ucar.edu> on behalf of martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk <martin.juckes at stfc.ac.uk>
> Sent: 26 January 2018 13:37
> To: cf-metadata at cgd.ucar.edu
> Subject: [CF-metadata] Definiton of solar_irradiance
>
> Hello,
>
> the cf standard name has a definition:
>
> The quantity with standard name solar_irradiance, often called Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), is the radiation from the sun integrated over the whole electromagnetic spectrum and over the entire solar disk. The quantity applies outside the atmosphere, by default at a distance of one astronomical unit from the sun, but a coordinate or scalar coordinate variable of distance_from_sun can be used to specify a value other than the default. "Irradiance" means the power per unit area (called radiative flux in other standard names), the area being normal to the direction of flow of the radiant energy.
>
> My question is about the last phrase, which I have highlighted. The flow of radiant energy from the sun at the top of the atmosphere is directed away from the sun .. so this definition would imply that the irradiance is defined relative to a fixed plane in the solar coordinate system. This is OK for solar physicists, but atmospheric scientists are sometime interested in irradiance relative to a horizontal surface.
>
> Vaisalla distinguish between the two by defining "horizontal solar irradiance" to be the irradiance on a horizontal surface and "normal solar irradiance" to be irradiance on a surface perpendicular to a line to the sun (<UrlBlockedError.aspx>http://www.3tier.com/en/support/solar-online-tools/what-solar-values-are-shown-map/ ).
>
> Should "solar_irradiance" apply to both usages, or do we need a new standard name, e.g. "horizonatl_solar_irradiance"?
>
> regards,
> Martin
>
> _______________________________________________
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